Establishing a connection between Guam and Hawaii
By Jillette Leon-Guerrero, November 12, 2012
INTRODUCTION
Finding genealogical evidence for ancestors born in 19th century Guam is challenging. A gap in Guam’s historical record exists between the years 1757 and 1897. The dearth of data during this period is due mainly to the destruction of the main repository of vital records during the WWII bombing of the capital city of Hagåtña.[1]
When individuals change their surnames, numerous spellings of names are found, and individuals migrate to an island thousands of miles away, the researcher is presented with additional challenges. This is the case in the search for the Guam origins of the descendants of John Paris.
John Paris is believed to have been born Juan “Demetrio Perez” in Guam during abt. 1842.[2] The first historical record we find him in is the marriage register for Kawaiahao Church in 1877 when he married Pauelua on the island of Oahu, in the Kingdom of Hawaii.[3] We next find John in the 1890 Kingdom of Hawaii census for the island of Kauai.[4] Thereafter he is found in U.S. census records for the island of Kauai for the years 1900 [John Paries], 1910 [John Paris] and 1920 [John Perica].[5] John and his wife both died in 1928 and are buried alongside each other in the same church where they married.[6]
Family oral history tells us that John came to Hawaii from Guam in the mid to late 1800s, that he was of Spanish origin and had changed his name from Demetrio Perez to John Paris. Descendants remember being told they were part “Guamanian” but they never knew anything about the Guam origins of their family. [7]
OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study is to provide evidence that John Perez, John Paris, John Peres, John Perica and Demetrio Perez are the same person. Find a connection between Demetrio Perez and Guam and the year he immigrated to Hawaii.
IDENTITY
The logical place to start the research was with the earliest known record for the ancestor. Looking at the marriage register of John Perez and Pauelua tells us that John Perez was in Hawaii in 1877, married in the first Protestant Church in Hawaii and little else.[8] The next record, a transcription of the 1890 Kauai census reveals much more about the ancestor.[9] According to this record, 48 year-old John Perez, is now living in Lihue, Kauai along with his wife, 25 year-old Pauelua, and their children: Henry (15), Paulina (10), and Sawla (5). Another known son, Thomas (1) is not enumerated with the rest of the family but is grouped with the Guerrero family further up on the page. Because this is a transcription, this could be the result of the transcriber not putting the names in the original order, or it could be as the family conjectures, that the Guerrero family was looking after young Thomas when the enumerators recorded the information. The census has no indication separating individual households and it is not known if the arrangement of the names on the page has any significance. Sugar plantations on Kauai during this period are known to have grouped workers by ethnic groups.[10] John’s occupation is listed as “Luna” meaning “boss” or “Foreman” in Hawaiian.[11] In addition to John Perez, Thomas Paymes, a 29 year-old “Masin Farmer” is also recorded as being born in Guam. Although all members of the Guerrero family are listed on the census as being born in Hawaii it is possible that the Guerrero family has Guam origins. It appears that the Guerrero family is headed by Maria I. Guerrero, a 34 year-old widow and native Hawaiian. Maria C. Guerrero (15) and Juan L. Guerrero (3) are listed along with Maria I. and are listed as “Hapa-Haole” or “half-caste” meaning they are part Hawaiian.[12] It is very possible that Maria’s late husband was born in Guam. The only other individuals who are part Hawaiian on this page of the census transcription are Lydia Kekumu (17) and 10 month-old Cordilia Halemanu. Cordilia appears to be the child of native Hawaiian John U. Halemanu and Lydia Kekumu. Kekumu is not a name that is associated with Guam and there is no indication of Lydia’s parentage so no connection to Guam can be made from this information.
Unfortunately the 1890 census provided no information on the date of John’s immigration to Hawaii. A search through online databases and finding aids for John Perez revealed two other documents that matched our ancestor. A directory listing for John Peres in the 1890 Honolulu, Hawaii Directory listed him as a Luna with the Grove Farm Plantation in Lihue, Kauai.[13] He is found again in the 1892 Honolulu Directory, again with his location listed at Lihue, Kauai.[14] The Ancestry.com record lists his residence as “Honolulu” but the image clearly shows his residence as Lihue, Kauai. A search of Hawaii State Archives indexes for marriage, obituaries, passenger manifests and naturalization records for John Perez [Paries, Paris, Peres] for the years prior to 1890 yielded no results.[15] The only 19th century Hawaii census returns prior to the 1890 census that have survived to date are the 1866 and 1878 census. Neither is complete or indexed. To access these documents one must travel to Hawaii and view them at the Hawaii State Archives. Because of this, these documents have not yet been reviewed.
Hawaii became a Territory of the United States in 1898. The first U.S. census in Hawaii took place in 1900.[16] John is found in the Koloa, Kauai census and is listed as John Paires along with his wife who is listed as Kiainiu. In earlier documents his wife’s name is listed as Pauelua. Cursory research into Hawaiian naming patterns revealed that native Hawaiians had many names.[17] While they usually used one name for legal documents it was not always the case. It is possible that Pauelua and Kiainiu were two names that John’s wife was known by. This theory is supported by evidence in the census, which indicated that the John and Kiainiu were married 23 years. This matches the marriage year of 1877 recorded in the marriage registry of John Perez and Pauelua. The couple’s son Thomas, aged 2 in the 1890 census, is now 12 year-old Tom. Paulina, who was 10 years old in 1890, is now recorded as 19 year-old, Pauline. Another son 8 year-old John, has joined the family. Son, Henry whose age was recorded, as 15 in the 1890 census and daughter Sawela, who was 5 years of age in the earlier census, are no longer listed with the family. If the age listed in the 1890 census for Henry were accurate, he would have been old enough to have married and moved out of the family home. The absence of Sawela may be attributed to her death but no records were found to indicate this.
Throughout the documents in this study John’s surname is spelled alternately as Perez, Paris, Peres, Perica, and Paries. Most of these alternate spellings may be the result of how the name is pronounced and spelled by the recorder. It is easy to see that in many cases the name is spelled phonetically. John’s surname was listed as Perez in the earliest Hawaiian documents and it is a common name in Guam. Since John was born in Guam it is apparent that “Perez” is the original spelling of his surname. Today the family goes by the surname “Paris” which is how the name is pronounced phonetically in Guam. This may be the reason the family changed the spelling. English speakers many times pronounce Perez as “Pur-rez.”
John’s birthplace in the 1900 and 1910 census is listed as “Spain” yet in the 1890 and 1920 census it is listed as “Guam.” This can be explained by the fact that Guam was part of the Kingdom of Spain at the time of his birth. That could be the reason the 1900 and 1910 census listed “Spain.” It is also possible that the census enumerators were more familiar with Spain than the tiny island of Guam. Regardless of this, technically Guam was a part of the Kingdom of Spain and the listing of Spain, as his birthplace could be considered correct.
In 1900 the family is included in the 1900 census district of Koloa. Koloa is only 7 miles south of Lihue, Kauai. A 1903 map of Kauai shows the location of the Grove Farm Plantation between Lihue to the north and Koloa to the south.[18] Because the Kingdom of Hawaii conducted the 1890 census and the U.S. government conducted the 1900 census, the boundaries of these enumeration districts may have changed. The specific location of the family’s residence in 1890 is not known, neither is the boundary of the district. This makes it unclear if the family actually moved from one location to the other.
The sum of the correlation of evidence presented below makes it apparent that John Perez, John Paris, John Peres, John Paries and John Perica are the same person.
Finding genealogical evidence for ancestors born in 19th century Guam is challenging. A gap in Guam’s historical record exists between the years 1757 and 1897. The dearth of data during this period is due mainly to the destruction of the main repository of vital records during the WWII bombing of the capital city of Hagåtña.[1]
When individuals change their surnames, numerous spellings of names are found, and individuals migrate to an island thousands of miles away, the researcher is presented with additional challenges. This is the case in the search for the Guam origins of the descendants of John Paris.
John Paris is believed to have been born Juan “Demetrio Perez” in Guam during abt. 1842.[2] The first historical record we find him in is the marriage register for Kawaiahao Church in 1877 when he married Pauelua on the island of Oahu, in the Kingdom of Hawaii.[3] We next find John in the 1890 Kingdom of Hawaii census for the island of Kauai.[4] Thereafter he is found in U.S. census records for the island of Kauai for the years 1900 [John Paries], 1910 [John Paris] and 1920 [John Perica].[5] John and his wife both died in 1928 and are buried alongside each other in the same church where they married.[6]
Family oral history tells us that John came to Hawaii from Guam in the mid to late 1800s, that he was of Spanish origin and had changed his name from Demetrio Perez to John Paris. Descendants remember being told they were part “Guamanian” but they never knew anything about the Guam origins of their family. [7]
OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study is to provide evidence that John Perez, John Paris, John Peres, John Perica and Demetrio Perez are the same person. Find a connection between Demetrio Perez and Guam and the year he immigrated to Hawaii.
IDENTITY
The logical place to start the research was with the earliest known record for the ancestor. Looking at the marriage register of John Perez and Pauelua tells us that John Perez was in Hawaii in 1877, married in the first Protestant Church in Hawaii and little else.[8] The next record, a transcription of the 1890 Kauai census reveals much more about the ancestor.[9] According to this record, 48 year-old John Perez, is now living in Lihue, Kauai along with his wife, 25 year-old Pauelua, and their children: Henry (15), Paulina (10), and Sawla (5). Another known son, Thomas (1) is not enumerated with the rest of the family but is grouped with the Guerrero family further up on the page. Because this is a transcription, this could be the result of the transcriber not putting the names in the original order, or it could be as the family conjectures, that the Guerrero family was looking after young Thomas when the enumerators recorded the information. The census has no indication separating individual households and it is not known if the arrangement of the names on the page has any significance. Sugar plantations on Kauai during this period are known to have grouped workers by ethnic groups.[10] John’s occupation is listed as “Luna” meaning “boss” or “Foreman” in Hawaiian.[11] In addition to John Perez, Thomas Paymes, a 29 year-old “Masin Farmer” is also recorded as being born in Guam. Although all members of the Guerrero family are listed on the census as being born in Hawaii it is possible that the Guerrero family has Guam origins. It appears that the Guerrero family is headed by Maria I. Guerrero, a 34 year-old widow and native Hawaiian. Maria C. Guerrero (15) and Juan L. Guerrero (3) are listed along with Maria I. and are listed as “Hapa-Haole” or “half-caste” meaning they are part Hawaiian.[12] It is very possible that Maria’s late husband was born in Guam. The only other individuals who are part Hawaiian on this page of the census transcription are Lydia Kekumu (17) and 10 month-old Cordilia Halemanu. Cordilia appears to be the child of native Hawaiian John U. Halemanu and Lydia Kekumu. Kekumu is not a name that is associated with Guam and there is no indication of Lydia’s parentage so no connection to Guam can be made from this information.
Unfortunately the 1890 census provided no information on the date of John’s immigration to Hawaii. A search through online databases and finding aids for John Perez revealed two other documents that matched our ancestor. A directory listing for John Peres in the 1890 Honolulu, Hawaii Directory listed him as a Luna with the Grove Farm Plantation in Lihue, Kauai.[13] He is found again in the 1892 Honolulu Directory, again with his location listed at Lihue, Kauai.[14] The Ancestry.com record lists his residence as “Honolulu” but the image clearly shows his residence as Lihue, Kauai. A search of Hawaii State Archives indexes for marriage, obituaries, passenger manifests and naturalization records for John Perez [Paries, Paris, Peres] for the years prior to 1890 yielded no results.[15] The only 19th century Hawaii census returns prior to the 1890 census that have survived to date are the 1866 and 1878 census. Neither is complete or indexed. To access these documents one must travel to Hawaii and view them at the Hawaii State Archives. Because of this, these documents have not yet been reviewed.
Hawaii became a Territory of the United States in 1898. The first U.S. census in Hawaii took place in 1900.[16] John is found in the Koloa, Kauai census and is listed as John Paires along with his wife who is listed as Kiainiu. In earlier documents his wife’s name is listed as Pauelua. Cursory research into Hawaiian naming patterns revealed that native Hawaiians had many names.[17] While they usually used one name for legal documents it was not always the case. It is possible that Pauelua and Kiainiu were two names that John’s wife was known by. This theory is supported by evidence in the census, which indicated that the John and Kiainiu were married 23 years. This matches the marriage year of 1877 recorded in the marriage registry of John Perez and Pauelua. The couple’s son Thomas, aged 2 in the 1890 census, is now 12 year-old Tom. Paulina, who was 10 years old in 1890, is now recorded as 19 year-old, Pauline. Another son 8 year-old John, has joined the family. Son, Henry whose age was recorded, as 15 in the 1890 census and daughter Sawela, who was 5 years of age in the earlier census, are no longer listed with the family. If the age listed in the 1890 census for Henry were accurate, he would have been old enough to have married and moved out of the family home. The absence of Sawela may be attributed to her death but no records were found to indicate this.
Throughout the documents in this study John’s surname is spelled alternately as Perez, Paris, Peres, Perica, and Paries. Most of these alternate spellings may be the result of how the name is pronounced and spelled by the recorder. It is easy to see that in many cases the name is spelled phonetically. John’s surname was listed as Perez in the earliest Hawaiian documents and it is a common name in Guam. Since John was born in Guam it is apparent that “Perez” is the original spelling of his surname. Today the family goes by the surname “Paris” which is how the name is pronounced phonetically in Guam. This may be the reason the family changed the spelling. English speakers many times pronounce Perez as “Pur-rez.”
John’s birthplace in the 1900 and 1910 census is listed as “Spain” yet in the 1890 and 1920 census it is listed as “Guam.” This can be explained by the fact that Guam was part of the Kingdom of Spain at the time of his birth. That could be the reason the 1900 and 1910 census listed “Spain.” It is also possible that the census enumerators were more familiar with Spain than the tiny island of Guam. Regardless of this, technically Guam was a part of the Kingdom of Spain and the listing of Spain, as his birthplace could be considered correct.
In 1900 the family is included in the 1900 census district of Koloa. Koloa is only 7 miles south of Lihue, Kauai. A 1903 map of Kauai shows the location of the Grove Farm Plantation between Lihue to the north and Koloa to the south.[18] Because the Kingdom of Hawaii conducted the 1890 census and the U.S. government conducted the 1900 census, the boundaries of these enumeration districts may have changed. The specific location of the family’s residence in 1890 is not known, neither is the boundary of the district. This makes it unclear if the family actually moved from one location to the other.
The sum of the correlation of evidence presented below makes it apparent that John Perez, John Paris, John Peres, John Paries and John Perica are the same person.
IMMIGRATION YEAR
The 1900 census offers 1857 as John’s year of immigration to Hawaii. If this date were correct, it would indicate that John was about 15 years old at the time of immigration. This date appears to be too early for a young man to travel to Hawaii from Guam. The age of majority in Guam at the time was 25 years old.[27] Five years earlier in 1852, Father Vicente Acosta wrote a report to Antonio Urbiztondo, Captain General and Vice Royal Patron of the Philippine Islands who was the the Governor General of the Philippines, of which Guam was a province. In the report Father Acosta requested that men be restricted from departing Guam on whaling ships.[28] At the time, Guam was struggling with de-population and a declining labor pool. According to Father Acosta between 1849 and 1852, forty of the island’s strongest and most robust men had departed on whaling ships and were now settled in Hawaii “living a life that is foreign, unbefitting, and degrading to their Christian Catholic character.”[29] As a result of this report, on 8 June 1853, a decree from the Superior Philippine Government commissioning Felipe de la Corte as Governor of Guam included instructions that restricted anyone 17 years of age and from departing the island on foreign boats or whalers.[30] In addition, the directive required formal employment contracts between crewmen from Guam and the Captain of the ship they were to be employed by.[31] A search of judicial records revealed no contract between anyone with the surname “Perez’’ and a ships captain. This does not mean that one does not exist, but it is unlikely. In addition to these restrictions another event significantly impacted the population of the island around this time. A smallpox epidemic in 1856 reduced the population by more than half. This epidemic was responsible for 4,573 deaths reducing Guam’s population from 8,207 to 3,644.[32] With a dwindling population, a Catholic clergy and government opposed to young men departing the island, it is highly unlikely that 15 year-old would depart Guam for Hawaii at this time.
Because of the lack of earlier census records, and in order to find an alternate immigration date for John, a review was made of later census records. John was found in the 1910 Koloa, Kauai census along with his wife Kiainan and grandson Henry (8).[33] He now owns his own business as a harness maker on homestead land. The year of immigration to Hawaii listed on this census is 1867, 10 years later than the earlier census reported. It is possible that the enumerator misheard 1857 for 1867 in the earlier census. 1867 is a more a more likely date for his immigration. He would have been about 24 years old. The 1920 Koloa, Kauai census does not report an immigration year for John although it does record his birthplace as Guam.[34]
According to the family, John and Kiahiniu moved to Honolulu from Kauai around 1926 to live with their daughter, Pauline.[35] A year and a half later they both died within months of each other. John’s death certificate does not reveal the names of his parents.[36] It does indicate that he was born in Guam but gives no accurate birthdate.
GUAM RECORDS
Perhaps because of the dearth of records for this period of Guam history, not a single record was found that mentions a John Perez or a Juan Perez (the Spanish version of John) of the age of our ancestor and for the period that could match our John Perez.[37] Because family oral history indicates that John changed his name to Demetrio, a search was then conducted for Demetrio Perez. One record was found that mentions a person that could possibly be our ancestor. In 1897 Jose Blas y Asuncion petitions the court to register the ownership of a parcel of land in Agana he purchased from Demetrio Perez in 1868.[38] Unfortunately he purchased the land from Demetrio “without the benefit of any inscribed title.”[39] No other document is found in the judicial records for Demetrio Perez. It is possible that this Demetrio Perez is our ancestor. The date in the 1910 census indicates that John Paris immigrated to Hawaii in 1867. The court document that mentions Demetrio Perez indicates that he sold land in Guam in 1868. The proximity of these two dates makes it plausible that Demetrio Perez and John Paris could be the same person, but more evidence is required before a connection can be made.
DNA
Hitting a brick wall with traditional research, the descendants of John Paris tested their DNA to see if they could establish a link with a family from Guam. This testing yielded surprising results. Two individuals of the Paris family were tested and both revealed a match between them and a Guam family.[40] A match was found between the two Paris descendants, and two individuals of the Leon-Guerrero clan with a suggested relationship range from 2nd to 3rd cousins. This finding supports the theory that John Paris had Guam origins.
FUTURE RESEARCH
Research to date reveals that John Paris lived in Hawaii from 1877 until his death in 1928. It has also been established that he had connections to Guam. These connections were known through his proximity to others born in Guam, the record of his birth in census records and through DNA testing. There is conflicting evidence about the year he immigrated to Hawaii and no concrete evidence to support the claim by family members he changed his name from Demetrio Perez to John Paris.
Finding a year of immigration to Hawaii will help to move the research forward. This should be the focus of future research. A search should be made of Hawaii records of immigration, passenger lists and ships crews for John Perez, Juan Perez and Demetrio Perez.
Future research should also focus on locating Thomas Paymes in Guam records. Thomas Paymes was listed as a neighbor of John Perez in the 1860 Hawaii census. There is a “Payne” family in Guam that traces their roots in Guam to the late 18th century. It is possible that “Paymes” is actually “Payne.” This connection should be researched.
Investigations into Demetrio Perez found in the judicial records in Guam should also be expanded. The petition for ownership filed by Jose Blas y Asuncion states the subject property is bordered by land owned by a Francisco Perez. The proximity of this parcel of land could indicate that Francisco is related to Demetrio Perez. Further research into records for Jose Blas y Asuncion may turn up additional information about Demetrio. A search of records for Francisco Perez as a possible relative of Demetrio Perez is also in order.
DNA evidence connecting the ancestor to a Guam family is compelling. These findings open up a whole new area of research. A search through the family trees of the Hawaii and Guam families should be conducted to establish if a correlation through traditional genealogical methods is found. If found, further testing of other individuals may be in order.
[1] O.R. Lodge, “Attack Preparations,” The Recapture of Guam, (Fredericksburg: Awani Press Inc., 1998), 33.
[2] Yolanda Paris Sugimoto, San Diego, California, to author, e-mail, 11 June, 2011. Yolanda is the great grand daughter of John Paris.
[3] "Hawaii, Marriages, 1826-1922," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/FW8K-135 : accessed 18 Sep 2012), John Perez and Pauelua, 15 Sept. 1877. Also, Kawaiahao Church (Honolulu, Hawaii), “O’ahu Marriages: Book 5, 1865-1896” p. 41-42; digital image, Yolanda Paris Sugimoto to author, email 19 Sept. 2012.
[4] 1890 Kingdom of Hawaii census, Kauai census, Kauai, district, Lihue, [no page number], line 16, John Perez; Family History Library, Salt Lake City; FHL microfilm 1010685.
[5] 1900 U.S. Census, Kauai, Hawaii Territory, population schedule, p. 45A (penned), dwell. 583, fam. 605, John Paries; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.Ancesty.com : accessed 18 September 2012); citing National Archives microfilm publication T623, roll 1837. Also, 1910 U.S. Census, Kauai, Hawaii, population schedule, p. 9A dwell. 66, fam. 128, John Paris; digital image, Ancestry. com (http://www.Ancesty.com : accessed 18 September 2012); citing National Archives microfilm publication T624, roll 1752. Also, 1920 U.S. Census, Kauai, Hawaii, population schedule, p. 31A, dwell. 391, fam. 398, John Perica; digital image, Ancestry. com (http://www.Ancesty.com : accessed 18 September 2012); citing National Archives microfilm publication T625, roll 2038. 1920 U.S. Census, Kauai, Hi., pop. sch. p. 31A, dwell. 391, fam. 398, John Perica.
[6] Find A Grave, Inc., Find A Grave, digital image (http://www.findagrave.com : accessed 21 October 2012), photograph, “gravestone for John and Kiainiu Paris (1842 -1928), Memorial No. 80272642, Records of the Kawaiahao Church Cemetery, Honolulu, Hawaii;” photograph William Foley.
[7] Yolanda Paris Sugimoto, San Diego, California, to author, email, 25 Sept. 2012.
[8] O’ahu Marriages, Kawaiahao Church.
[9] 1890 U.S. census, Kauai, Hawaii, John Perez.
[10] Cassie Wallace, “Community and Revolt on the Hawaiian Plantation System” webpage, (http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/cwallac1/hawaii.html : accessed 30 Oct. 2012).
[11] www.free-dictionary-translation.com; HTLM, Hawaiian-English (http://www.free-dictionary-translation.com/hawaiian-english/start-entry-5640.html : accessed 30 Oct. 2012), “Luna”.
[12] Urban Dictionary; HTML, (http://www.urbandictionary.com : accessed 1 Nov. 2012), “Hapa Haole”.
[13] Honolulu, Hawaii Directory, 1890, Ancestry.com database (http://www.Ancesty.com accessed 18 September 2012); Provo, Utah (The Generations Network, Inc., 2000) “John Peres”.
[14] U.S. City Directories, 1821-1989, Ancestry.com database (http://www.Ancesty.com accessed 18 September 2012) Provo, Utah (Ancestry.com Operations, In., 20011) “John Peres”.
[15] Ju Sun Yi, Honolulu, Hawaii, e-mail to author, 20 Sept. 2012. Ju Sun is an archivist, Hawaii State Archives.
[16] 1900 U.S. Census, Koloa, Kauai, Hawaii Territory, populations schedule, enumeration district (ED) 81, Page 45A (penned), dwelling 583, family 605, John Paries Ancestry.com database (http://www.Ancesty.com accessed 18 September 2012; FHL microfilm: 1241835).
[17] Christine Hitt, Hawaiian Roots: Genealogy for Hawaiians, web (http://www.hawaiian-roots.com/namingproblems.htm : accessed 1 Nov. 2012) “Naming Practices”.
[18] “Kauai, Hawaiian Islands/ Walter E. Wall, surveyor; compiled by John M. Don,” published 1903; Hawaii Territory Survey, American Geographical Society Library, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
[19] O’ahu Marriages, Kawaiahao Church
[20] 1890 Kingdom of Hawaii census, Kauai census, Kauai, district, Lihue, [no page number], line 16, John Perez.
[21] “Honolulu Hawaii Directory, 1890”, database entry for John Peres.
[22] “Honolulu Hawaii Directory, 1892”, database entry for John Peres.
[23] 1900 U.S. Census, Kauai, Hi., pop. sch. p. 45A dwell. 583, fam. 605, John Paries.
[24] 1910 U.S. Census, Kauai, Hi., pop. sch., p. 9A dwell. 66, fam. 128, John Paris.
[25] 1920 U.S. Census, Kauai, Hi., pop. sch. p. 31A, dwell. 391, fam. 398, John Perica.
[26] Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, Hawaii, Standard Certificate of Death #3923, John Paris; digital image, Yolanda Paris Sugimoto to author, e-mail, 6 Nov. 2012.
[27] Omaira Brunal-Perry, Mangilao, Guam, e-mail to author, 7 Nov. 2012. Omaira is the curator, Spanish Documents collection at the Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam.
[28] Marjorie Driver and Omaira Brunal-Perry, “The Memoria of Father Vicente Acosta, O.A.R., Manila, 1852,” Reports Concerning The Mariana Islands: The Memorias of 1844-1852, (Mangilao: Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, 1996), 195-197.
[29] Ibid.
[30] Felipe de la Corte y Ruano Calderon, “Descriptive and Historical Report on the Mariana Islands and Others Surrounding them Related with them and Their Present Organization: Analytic study of all their physical, moral and political factors and proposal for reforms in all branches to raise them to their corresponding degree of prosperity” unpublished translation (Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao), p. 510, “Instructions which the commissioned head ordered to the Mariana Islands should abide by: Government, Political and Administrative Part.”
[31] Ibid.
[32] Nick Goetzfridt, “Spanish Response to Chamorro Depopulation”, webpage, Guampedia.com (http://guampedia.com/spanish-response-to-chamorro-depopulation : accessed 8 Nov. 2012)
[33] 1910 U.S. Census, Kauai, Hi., pop. sch. p. 9A.
[34] 1920 U.S. Census, Kauai, Hi., pop. sch. p. 31A.
[35] Yolanda Paris Sugimoto, San Diego, Ca., e-mail 7 Nov. 2012.
[36] Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, Hawaii, Standard Certificate of Death #3923, John Paris.
[37] Padron de Almas: Año de 1897, Guam, unpublished translation, Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, 1984. Also, Omaira Brunal-Perry, Vital Statistics Registry for 1823, unpublished translation, e-mail to author, 10 April, 2012. Also, Majorie Driver, The Spanish Governors of the Mariana Islands and the saga of the Palacio, (Mangilao: Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, 2005), Also Driver and Perry, Reports Concerning the Mariana Islands. Also, Driver, The Agustinian Recollect Friars. Also searched familysearch.org and Ancestry.com for Perez surname, birthdate about 1840, birthplace Guam.
[38] Blaz y Asuncion, Jose, Venta de fincas, No. 352 Blaz-Perez, Caja 1A, 23 Nov. 1901, Index of Guam Judicial Records, Spanish Language 1807-1920; Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam
[39] Ibid.
[40] "Family Finder - Matches" and "Family Finder - Chromosome Browser," database matches, Family Tree DNA (http://www.FamilyTreeDNA.com : accessed 24